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Xi argued that a chaotic world calls for tighter China–Russia–Mongolia solidarity, aligning with the pipeline route across Mongolian territory.
Putin praised the “unprecedented” closeness of relations with Beijing, framing the partnership as resilient across turbulent times.
Kim Jong-un’s armored train appearance, with Kim Ju-ae, added intensity to a week of summitry and symbolism.
Putin’s conversation with Slovakia’s premier Robert Fico referred to gas flows affecting Ukraine and the broader European energy picture.
Beijing’s visa-free opening to Russians and more than 20 signed cooperation documents signaled economic and human linkages moving in step with political ones.